“Good Offices: A Swiss Speciality” (en)
La Valette, 09.03.2016 - Allocution du Conseiller fédéral Didier Burkhalter à l’académie méditerranéenne d'études diplomatiques (MEDAC) à La Valette - Seul le texte prononcé fait foi
Ladies and gentlemen
Dear friends
It is a great pleasure for me to visit the Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies and be with you here today.
MEDAC was co-founded by Malta and Switzerland more than 25 years ago. It is not only the most important bilateral cooperation project between our two countries but also a beacon of Malta’s university education infrastructure. It provides us with an excellent channel for conducting a continuous exchange on bilateral and international affairs.
We live in an era marked by growing uncertainty and insecurity. We are confronted with a multitude of crises and violent conflicts. Geopolitics and regional rivalries are on the rise again. Terrorism and fragile states figure high on the security agenda too. Humanitarian needs have reached new heights.
The consequences of the instabilities in the MENA region are manifesting themselves ever more strongly in Europe too. The notion that European and Mediterranean security are interlinked, which Malta and others managed to anchor into the Helsinki Final Act more than four decades ago, has never been more relevant than today.
With its focus on Mediterranean issues, MEDAC provides knowledge that goes right to the heart of today’s policy debates. Malta as a country also plays an important role, building bridges between the states situated on the northern and southern shores of the Mediterranean.
The idea of bridge-building is also an intrinsic part of Switzerland’s identity and foreign policy. It is part of our political DNA. As a multi-ethnic country with four national languages, Switzerland has relied on dialogue and compromise to ensure its domestic cohesion for centuries.
These essential values also mark our foreign policy. As a European country that is not part of the EU or NATO, has no colonial history, pursues no hidden agenda, and is present around the world, Switzerland has established itself as a credible promotor of dialogue and peace. We are engaging in this sort of bridge-building bilaterally and in roles such as our Chairmanship of the OSCE two years ago. In a world marked by fragmentation and polarisation, the need for bridge-building is rapidly growing.
A few weeks ago, the Swiss government adopted a new foreign policy strategy for the next four years. Swiss contributions to peace and security are a cornerstone of this strategy, and we are in the process of further sharpening our profile in this field.
This short address today does not permit me to outline the whole spectrum of our engagement for peace and security, so let me just focus on what I consider to be the essence of our bridge-building activities – namely the ‘good offices’ that Switzerland provides. Good offices really are a Swiss speciality.
Switzerland provides two types of good offices: safeguarding foreign interests, and mediation and facilitation. Both types are about bridge-building, if in different ways.
Let me start with safeguarding foreign interests. Acting as a protecting power, Switzerland assumes a state's consular and diplomatic responsibilities in cases where ties with another state have been broken off. Protecting-power mandates aim to maintain low-level relations and provide consular protection to the nationals of the other state concerned. Switzerland has a long history and much expertise in this field.
The heyday for Switzerland as a protecting power was during the Second World War, when we had overall 219 mandates for 35 states. Today, we have fewer than 10 mandates. This is because there are fewer inter-state conflicts and because states in our globalised world really think twice before breaking off diplomatic ties.
Still, the role of protecting power remains important.
The number of mandates may even rise again if the trend of polarisation continues.
Until last summer, Switzerland represented the interests of the United States in Cuba – which it had done for more than 50 years! Another case concerns Switzerland’s representation of Russia in Georgia and vice-versa. But since we are in Malta, let me take an example from the MENA region to illustrate Switzerland’s role as a protecting power.
Since 1980, Switzerland has represented the United States in Iran. This is the most comprehensive and complex mandate we have had recently. All consular services for US citizens or dual-nationals in Iran are dealt with by the Foreign Interests Section of the Swiss embassy in Tehran. The Section is headed by Swiss nationals and staffed with local employees.
This mandate also provides a channel of communication between Washington and Tehran which is used on a regular basis for confidential communication. Over the years, Switzerland has gained the trust of both parties which has allowed us to contribute to some important developments in the relations between these two countries. The latest example concerns the secret negotiations that led to the prisoners’ exchange in mid-January 2016.
I may add that the Federal Council welcomed the agreement reached by the E3/EU+3 (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, China, Russia, USA) and Iran to resolve the nuclear dispute. This agreement has shown that it is possible to find political solutions in the region through diplomacy and negotiations.
Switzerland has recently been asked to represent Iranian interests in Riyadh and Saudi interests in Tehran. Our diplomats are currently negotiating the modalities of these mandates after these two countries broke off diplomatic relations at the beginning of the year. I firmly believe that a minimum of contact between Iran and Saudi Arabia is crucial for regional stability, and here too Switzerland is committed to playing its part.
The second type of good offices concerns mediation and facilitation. Here too, the basis for our activities is the impartiality and credibility of Switzerland’s foreign policy. Mediation is largely about trust – trust that can only be established in the diplomatic arena over years and decades.
Switzerland usually starts its engagement long before a mediation process takes shape or even becomes a possibility. Once mediation enters the realm of the possible, a lot of support is needed to prepare the parties for the specific challenges and requirements of a mediation setting, and this support is also part of our good offices. Indeed, Switzerland has been able to build up expertise in this line of work through various engagements in Colombia, Western Sahara, South Sudan and Uganda and other contexts.
Through our support parties get used to the idea that compromise is a necessary part of mediation. The areas we cover mainly concern process design, power and wealth sharing, human rights and social issues, as well as security arrangements, including ceasefire and security-sector reform. We also support preparations for negotiations where a mediator is not present. Our work then focuses strictly on content, offering expertise, for example on federalism as we are currently doing in Myanmar, or on process design as in the cases of Thailand and Indonesia.
There have been cases where Switzerland has acted as sole mediator, such as our mediation between Armenia and Turkey in 2009. Mediation, however, is a complex affair and is increasingly being done in groups or with international organisations.
For example, Switzerland has provided mediation support for the OSCE in the Ukraine crisis, where Swiss Ambassador Heidi Tagliavini led the Trilateral Contact Group until last summer. We have also provided the OSCE with experts in the fields of humanitarian affairs and ceasefire management. Indeed, with Ambassador Toni Frisch, Switzerland is today leading the discussions in the humanitarian working group of the Trilateral Contact Group in Minsk.
Another example is our support for the UN’s efforts to find a political solution to the crisis in Syria. Here, Switzerland placed an expert on security arrangements at the disposal of Special Envoy Staffan de Mistura to help draft the ‘Cessation of Hostilities’ – which seems to be holding and has contributed to reducing the violence on the ground. We are also supporting the political talks in Geneva by making two additional experts in political and constitutional reform available to the UN-led mediation.
In the Syrian context furthermore, Switzerland is active in a number of initiatives in what is known as informal diplomacy and which are part of our mediation-support activities. Through this, we are seeking to strengthen the formal dialogue process in Geneva.
Lastly, Switzerland is also acting as a facilitator in bringing together parties to a conflict without itself engaging in mediation. I am thinking of our host activities within the context of International Geneva, where we have supported UN efforts to restore peace not only in Syria but also in Yemen and Libya. I am also thinking of the various rounds of the Iranian nuclear programme negotiations in Geneva, Montreux and Lausanne. Yet another example of our facilitation efforts is the recent meeting of the Presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan in Bern to discuss matters related to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
Ladies and gentlemen
Demand for mediation and facilitation today is high. To meet this demand, Switzerland is increasing and further professionalising its mediation capacities. It is also strengthening Geneva as a hub for peace negotiations and global governance.
Let me be clear: resolving today’s complex crises is exceedingly difficult. There are limits to what we can accomplish from outside, which is why we should be guided by a spirit of humility in this regard. But our efforts should also be characterized by perseverance and stamina. No conflict is unresolvable, and Switzerland remains committed to advancing peace and security – both in the Mediterranean region and elsewhere.
Adresse pour l'envoi de questions
Communication DFAE
Palais fédéral ouest
CH-3003 Berne
Tél. Service de presse: +41 58 460 55 55
E-Mail: kommunikation@eda.admin.ch
Twitter: @EDA_DFAE
Auteur
Département fédéral des affaires étrangères
https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/fr/dfae.html
